Heat the olive oil in a large pot over medium heat. Add the onion and cook for 4 minutes until it softens.
Stir in the garlic, chipotle peppers, cumin, and oregano. Cook for 1 minute until the garlic becomes fragrant.
Pour in the diced tomatoes and vegetable broth. Bring the mixture to a simmer.
Add the black beans, salt, and black pepper. Let the stew simmer for 10 minutes so the flavors combine.
Gently place the tilapia pieces into the pot. Simmer for 5 to 7 minutes until the fish turns opaque and flakes easily.
Remove the pot from heat and stir in the lime juice. Sprinkle the cilantro over the top before serving.